sssss机械零件所用金属材料多种多样，为了使生产、管理方便、有序，有关标准对不同金属材料规定了它们牌号的表示方法，以示统一和便于采纳、使用。现将常用金属材料牌号表示方法向读者作一些简单介绍。
GB/T221—2000标准是参照国外钢铁产品牌号表示方法和国内钢铁产品牌号表示方法变化(如Q345代替16Mn)等情况修订后，于2000年4月1日发布，并于2000年11月1日开始实施。
(2)一些新的钢铁产品的出现，更加完善了原标准。新标准增加了脱碳低磷粒铁、含钒生铁JP2、铸造耐磨生铁、保证淬透性钢、非调质机械结构钢、塑料模具钢、取向硅钢(电讯用)等牌号表示方法。
(3)对不适应科技发展和与生产不协调的一些用钢牌号作了彻底改变或修改。如碳素结构钢A3改为Q235，低合金高强度结构钢16Mn改为Q345等。对不锈钢、耐热钢和冷轧硅钢等的牌号表示方法也做了修改。
(1)凡国家标准和行业标准中钢铁产品的牌号均应按GB/T221—2000标准规定的牌号表示方法编写。凡不符合规定编写的钢铁产品牌号，应在标准修订时予以更改，一些新的钢铁产品，其牌号也应按此予以编写牌号。
(3)采用汉语拼音字母表示产品名称、用途、特性和工艺方法时，一般从代表产品名称的汉语拼音中选取第一个字母。当和另一个产品所选用的字母重复时，可改用第二个字母或第三个字母，或同时选取两个汉字中的第一个拼音字母。
①阿拉伯数字表示平均含硅量(以千分之几计)。例如：含硅量为2.75%～3.25%的铸造用生铁，其牌号表示为“Z30”；含硅量为0.85%～1.25%的炼钢用生铁，其牌号表示为“L10”。
②含钒生铁和脱碳低磷粒铁，阿拉伯数字分别表示钒和碳的平均含量(均以千分之几计)。例如：含钒量不小于0.40%的含钒生铁，其牌号表示为“F40”；含碳量为1.20%～1.60%的炼钢用脱碳低磷粒铁，其牌号表示为“TL14”。
①通用结构钢采用代表屈服点的拼音字母“Q”。屈服点数值(单位为MPa)和表1中规定的质量等级、脱氧方法等符号，按顺序组成牌号。例如：碳素结构钢牌号表示为：Q235AF，Q235BZ；低合金高强度结构钢牌号表示为：Q345C，Q345D。
碳素结构钢的牌号组成中，镇静钢符号“Z”和特殊镇静钢符号“TZ”可以省略，例如：质量等级分别为C级和D级的Q235钢，其牌号表示应为Q235CZ和Q235DTZ，但可以省略为Q235C和Q235D。
②专用结构钢一般采用代表钢屈服点的符号“Q”、屈服点数值和表1中规定的代表产品用途的符号等表示，例如：压力容器用钢牌号表示为“Q345R”；耐候钢其牌号表示为：Q340NH。
③根据需要，通用低合金高强度结构钢的牌号也可以采用两位阿拉伯数字(以万分之几计平均含碳量)和标准的元素符号组成；专用低合金高强度结构钢的牌号，除一般组成外，尚应加写表1中规定代表产品用途的符号。
①沸腾钢和半镇静钢，在牌号尾部分别加符号“F”和“b”。例如：平均含碳量为0.08%的沸腾钢，其牌号表示为“08F”；平均含碳量为0.10%的半镇静钢，其牌号表示为“10b”。
③较高含锰量的优质碳素结构钢，在表示平均含碳量的阿拉伯数字后加锰元素符号。例如：平均含碳量为0.50%，含锰量为0.70%～1.00%的钢，其牌号表示为“50Mn”。
合金元素含量表示方法为：平均含量小于1.50%时，牌号中仅标明元素，一般不标明含量；平均合金含量为1.50%～2.49%、2.50%～3.49%、3.50%～4.49%、4.50%～5.49%、……时，在合金元素后相应写成2、3、4、5……。
例如：碳、铬、锰、硅的平均含量分别为0?30%、0.95%、0.85%、1.05%的合金结构钢，当S、P含量分别≤0.035%时，其牌号表示为“30CrMnSi”。
②合金弹簧钢牌号的表示方法与合金结构钢相同。例如：碳、硅、锰的平均含量分别为0.60%、1.75%、0.75%的弹簧钢，其牌号表示为“60Si2Mn”。高级优质弹簧钢，在牌号尾部加符号“A”，其牌号表示为“60Si2MnA”。
②较高含锰量的加硫或加硫、磷易切削钢在符号“Y”和阿拉伯数字后加锰元素符号。例如：平均含碳量为0.40%，含锰量为1.20%～1.55%的易切削钢，其牌号表示为“Y40Mn”。
(6)非调质机械结构钢牌号表示方法非调质机械结构钢，在牌号头部分别加符号“YF”和“F”表示易切削非调质机械结构钢和热锻用非调质机械结构钢，牌号表示方法的其他内容与合金结构钢相同。例如：“YF35V”、“F45V”。
合金工具钢、高速工具钢牌号表示方法与合金结构钢牌号表示方法相同。采用标准规定的合金元素符号和阿拉伯数字表示，但一般不标明平均含碳量数字，例如：平均含碳量为1.60%，含铬、钼，钒含量分别为11.75%、0.50%、0.22%的合金工具钢，其牌号表示为“Cr12MoV”；平均含碳量为0.85%，含钨、钼、铬、钒含量分别为6.00%、5.00%、4.00%、2.00%的高速工具钢，其牌号表示为“W6Mo5Cr4V2”。
若平均含碳量小于1.00%时，可采用一位阿拉伯数字表示含碳量(以千分之几计)。例如：平均含碳量为0.80%，含锰量为0.95%，含硅量为0.45%的合金工具钢，其牌号表示为“8MnSi”。
(8)塑料模具钢牌号表示方法塑料模具钢牌号除在头部加符号“SM”外，其余表示方法与优质碳素结构钢和合金工具钢牌号表示方法相同。例如：平均含碳量为0.45%的碳素塑料模具钢，其牌号表示为“SM45”；平均含碳量为0.34%，含铬量为1.70%，含钼量为0.42%的合金塑料模具钢，其牌号表示为“SM3Cr2Mo”。
①高碳铬轴承钢，在牌号头部加符号“G”，但不标明含碳量。铬含量以千分之几计，其他合金元素按合金结构钢的合金含量表示。例如：平均含铬量为1?50%的轴承钢，其牌号表示为“GCr15”。
③高碳铬不锈轴承钢和高温轴承钢，采用不锈钢和耐热钢的牌号表示方法，牌号头部不加符号“G”。例如：高碳铬不锈轴承钢“9Cr18”和高温轴承钢“10Cr14Mo”。
一般用一位阿拉伯数字表示平均含碳量(以千分之几计)；当平均含碳量≥1.00%时，用两位阿拉伯数字表示；当含碳量上限＜0.10%时，以“0”表示含碳量；当含碳量上限≤0.03%，＞0.01%时(超低碳)，以“03”表示含碳量；当含碳量上限(≤0.01%时极低碳)，以“01”表示含碳量。含碳量没有规定下限时，采用阿拉伯数字表示含碳量的上限数字。
合金元素含量表示方法同合金结构钢。例如：平均含碳量为0.20%，含铬量为13%的不锈钢，其牌号表示为“2Cr13”；含碳量上限为0.08%，平均含铬量为18%，含镍量为9%的铬镍不锈钢，其牌号表示为“0Cr18Ni9”；含碳量上限为0.12%，平均含铬量为17%的加硫易切削铬不锈钢，其牌号表示为“Y1Cr17”；平均含碳量为1.10%，含铬量为17%的高碳铬不锈钢，其牌号表示为“11Cr7”；含碳量上限为0.03%，平均含铬量为19%，含镍量为10%的超低碳不锈钢，其牌号表示为“03Cr19Ni10”；含碳量上限为0.01%，平均含铬量为19%，含镍量为11%的极低碳不锈钢，其牌号表示为“01Cr19Ni11”。
焊接用钢包括焊接用碳素钢、焊接用合金钢和焊接用不锈钢等，其牌号表示方法是在各类焊接用钢牌号头部加符号“H”。例如：“H08”、“H08Mn2Si”、“H1Cr18Ni9”。
Machine parts used in a variety of metal materials, in order for production, management convenience, orderly, and the standard provisions of metallic materials of different brands of their representation in order to show that the adoption of a unified and easy to use. The metallic materials commonly used method of brands that make some readers a brief introduction.
First, that the method of grades of steel products (see GB/T221-2000)
1. The standard of the basic profiles
GB/T221-2000 standards with reference to foreign grades of steel products that domestic iron and steel products and grades that the method changes (such as Q345 replaced by 16Mn) and so on amendments, on April 1, 2000, and is in November 1, 2000 implemented.
2. The main technical content changes
(1) as a result of some grades of steel products have their specific standards, it canceled the original standard ferro alloys, casting alloys, high temperature alloy, precision alloy, corrosion resistant alloys and cast iron, cast steel, powder materials, that approach grades.
(2) The number of new steel products, the emergence of more comprehensive standards of the original. The new standard increased the low-phosphorus tablets Decarburization iron, pig iron containing vanadium JP2, wear-resistant cast iron foundry to ensure hardenability steel, mechanical structure of non-quenched and tempered steel, plastic die steel, oriented silicon steel (telecommunications) and other brands that method.
(3) not meet scientific and technological development and lack of co-ordination and production of some steel grades were changed or modified. Carbon structural steel, such as A3 replaced Q235, high-strength low-alloy structural steel 16Mn, etc. changed to Q345. Of stainless steel, heat-resistant steel and cold-rolled silicon steel grades, such as methods that had been amended.
(4) of the original standard "method grades of steel products, for example," Table 3, due to the new standards do not apply to be deleted.
3. Grades of steel products of the basic principles of representation
(1) Where national standards and industry standards in the iron and steel products shall be in accordance with the grade standards for grades GB/T221-2000 that the preparation method. Where the preparation of non-compliant grades of steel products, should be amended to change the standards, a number of new steel products, the brand should be the preparation of this trademark.
(2) grade, said the general adoption of Pinyin letters, chemical element symbols and a combination of Arabic numerals to indicate the method.
(3) the use of Pinyin letters product names, uses, properties and process methods, the general representative of the product name from the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet, select the first letter. When the selection of products and another repeat of the letters, they can switch to the second or third letter alphabet, or select the first two characters of a phonetic alphabets.
(4) do not use Chinese characters and Pinyin, and the use of symbols for the letters of the alphabet.
4. Iron and steel product names, uses, characteristics and processes said symbols (extract)
Iron and steel product names, uses, characteristics and processes that the symbols shown in Table 1.
5. Iron and steel products and grades indicate that the method of sample
(1) that the method of grades of pig iron pig iron grades in the use of Table 1 provided that the symbols and Arabic numerals.
① Arabic that the average silicon content (in a few dollars per thousand). For example: silicon content of 2.75% ~ 3.25% of the casting pig iron, the brand is expressed as "Z30"; silicon content was 0.85% ~ 1.25% of the steel-making pig iron used, the grade is expressed as "L10".
② decarburization of pig iron and vanadium-containing tablets of low-phosphorus iron, vanadium and Arabic numerals indicate the average carbon content (both a few dollars per thousand). For example: the amount of vanadium containing not less than 0.40 percent of vanadium pig iron, the brand is expressed as "F40"; carbon content of 1.20% ~ 1.60% of the steel with low phosphorus Decarburization iron tablets, the brand is expressed as "TL14" .
(2), carbon structural steel and high-strength low-alloy structural steel grades that the above methods are usually divided into general steel and special steel two broad categories.
General structural steel ① yield point of using the letters of the alphabet "Q". Yield point values (units of MPa) and Table 1 provides the quality and grade, method of deoxidation symbols, composed of grades in order. For example: carbon structural steel grade is expressed as: Q235AF, Q235BZ; high-strength low-alloy structural steel grades that in order to: Q345C, Q345D.
Grade carbon steel structural components, the killed steel symbol "Z" and special killed steel symbol "TZ" can be omitted, such as: the quality and grade of C-and D-grade Q235 steel, its brands that should be Q235CZ and Q235DTZ , but can be omitted for Q235C and Q235D.
High-strength low-alloy structural steel have killed steel and special killed steel, but the brand was not the tail that symbol deoxidization methods.
② special structural steel in general yield point of steel using the symbols "Q", and yield point values set forth in Table 1 on behalf of products that use symbols, such as, for example: pressure vessel steel grade is expressed as "Q345R"; weathering steel of its brand expressed as: Q340NH.
③ According to the needs of general-purpose high-strength low-alloy structural steel grades may also be used for the two Arabic numerals (in very few of the average carbon content) and the standard symbols of the elements; special high-strength low-alloy structural steel grades, with the exception of formed in general, there should be stipulated in writing on behalf of Table 1 uses the symbol products.
(3) high-quality carbon structural steel and quality carbon spring steel grade method
Quality carbon structural steel using two Arabic numerals (in very few dollars that the average carbon content) or Arabic numerals, and elements of symbols, set forth in Table 1 as grade symbols.
① boiling steel and semi-killed steel, in the rear of the respective trademark symbol "F" and "b". For example: the average carbon content of 0.08 percent for the boiling steel, the grade is expressed as "08F"; the average carbon content of 0.10 percent for semi-killed steel, the grade is expressed as "10b".
② killed steel (S, P, respectively, ≤ 0.035%) are generally not standard symbols. For example: the average carbon content of 0.45 percent for the killed steel, the grade is expressed as "45."
③ higher volume of high-quality carbon-manganese structural steel, in that the average carbon content of the Arabic symbols added manganese. For example: the average carbon content of 0.50%, Mn of 1.00% ~ 0.70% of the steel, the grade is expressed as "50Mn".
④ High quality carbon structural steel (S, P, respectively, ≤ 0.030%), followed by the trademark symbol "A". For example: the average carbon content of 0.45 percent for senior high-quality carbon structural steel, the grade is expressed as "45A".
⑤ premium quality carbon structural steel (S ≤ 0.020%, P ≤ 0.025%), followed by the trademark symbol "E". For example: the average carbon content of 0.45 percent for the premium quality carbon structural steel, the grade is expressed as "45E".
Grade quality carbon spring steel, said the methods and quality carbon structural steel grades that the same methods (65,70,85,65 Mn steel GB/T1222 and GB / T 699, respectively, two standards exist at the same time).
(4) alloy structural steel and alloy steel grades spring method
① alloy structural steel grades and standards for the use of Arabic numerals of the chemical element symbol.
The two Arabic numerals with an average carbon content of said (to him as a few dollars), on the head grade.
Content of alloying element method as follows: The average concentration of less than 1.50 percent, the grade indicating elements only, the general did not identify the content; average alloy content of 1.50% ~ 2.49%, 2.50% ~ 3.49%, 3.50% ~ 4.49%, 4.50% ~ 5.49%, ... ... when, after the alloying elements in the corresponding written 2,3,4,5 ... ....
For example: carbon, chromium, manganese, silicon, respectively, the average concentration of 0? 30%, 0.95%, 0.85%, 1.05% of the alloy structural steel, when the S, P content ≤ 0.035%, respectively, the grade is expressed as "30CrMnSi" .
High quality alloy structural steel (S, P content ≤ 0.025%), plus sign in the rear Grade "A" said. For example: "30 CrMnSiA".
Premium quality alloy structural steel (S ≤ 0.015%, P ≤ 0.025%), plus sign in the rear Grade "E", for example: "30CrM nSiE".
Special alloy structural steel grades in the grade shall also be the head (or tail) and table 1 provides the use of symbols representative of products.
② grade spring steel alloy, said method and the same alloy structural steel. For example: carbon, silicon, manganese, respectively, the average content of 0.60%, 1.75%, 0.75% of the spring steel, the grade is expressed as "60Si2Mn". High quality spring steel, in the rear plus symbol Grade "A", the brand is expressed as "60Si2MnA".
(5) free cutting steel grades that the method of free cutting steel using standard chemical element symbols, table 1 provides that the symbols and Arabic numerals. That the average carbon content of Arabic numerals (in very few of the dollars).
① add and addition of sulfur free cutting steel sulfur, phosphorus free cutting steel, in the symbol "Y" and the Arabic numerals are not easy after the cutting element symbols.
For example: the average carbon content of 0.15 percent for the free cutting steel, the grade is expressed as "Y15".
② higher manganese increase the amount of sulfur or sulfur, phosphorus free cutting steel in the symbol "Y" and the Arabic numerals symbols added manganese. For example: the average carbon content of 0.40%, Mn of 1.20% ~ 1.55% of free cutting steel, the grade is expressed as "Y40Mn".
③ calcium, lead free cutting element of free cutting steel, in the symbol "Y" and the Arabic numerals added free cutting element symbols. For example: "Y15Pb", "Y45Ca".
(6) non-quenched and tempered structural steel grades that mechanical methods of mechanical structure of non-quenched and tempered steel, respectively in the head grade symbols "YF" and "F" that the free cutting non-quenched and tempered steel and mechanical structures with non-quenched and tempered forging machinery structural steel, brand representation and the other elements of the same alloy structural steel. For example: "YF35V", "F45V".
(7) that the method of tool steel tool steel grades are divided into carbon tool steel, alloy tool steel and three types of high-speed tool steel.
① carbon tool steel using standard chemical element symbols, table 1 provides that the symbols and Arabic numerals. That the average carbon content of Arabic numerals (in a few dollars per thousand).
a. the amount of ordinary carbon manganese steel, tool steel in the symbol "T" after the Arabic numerals. For example: the average carbon content of 0.80% for the carbon tool steel, the grade is expressed as "T8".
b. the amount of high carbon manganese steel, tool steel in the symbol "T" and the Arabic numerals symbols added manganese. For example: "T8Mn".
c. High quality carbon tool steel, in the rear plus Grade "A". For example: "T8MnA".
② alloy tool steel and high-speed tool steel
Alloy tool steel, high-speed tool steel alloy grades that the methods and structural steel grades that the same method. Provided for the use of standard symbols and Arabic numerals alloying elements that, but generally do not indicate the number of average carbon content, such as: the average carbon content of 1.60%, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium content of 11.75%, respectively, 0.50%, 0.22% of the alloy tool steel, the grade is expressed as "Cr12MoV"; the average carbon content of 0.85%, including tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, vanadium content of 6.00 percent, respectively, 5.00%, 4.00%, 2.00% of the high-speed tool steel, the grade that for "W6Mo5Cr4V2".
If the average carbon content of less than 1.00%, the Arabic numerals that can be a carbon content (to a few dollars per thousand). For example: the average carbon content of 0.80%, 0.95% of manganese, silicon content of 0.45% of the alloy tool steel, the grade is expressed as "8MnSi".
Low chromium (chromium average volume of <1.00%) alloy tool steel, in the amount of chromium (in thousands of parts per million) before the number "0." For example: the average content of 0.60% chromium alloy tool steel, the grade is expressed as "Cr06".
(8) grades of steel plastic mold plastic mold steel representation in the head in addition to increase brand symbol "SM", the other that the methods and quality carbon structural steel and alloy tool steel grades that the same method. For example: the average carbon content of 0.45 percent for the plastic mold of the carbon steel, for its brand, said "SM45"; the average carbon content of 0.34%, with 1.70 percent of chromium, molybdenum 0.42 percent of plastic mold steel alloy , expressed as its trademark "SM3Cr2Mo".
(9) method of bearing steel grades that are divided into high-carbon chromium bearing steel bearing steel, carburizing bearing steel, high carbon chromium bearing steel and stainless steel bearings, such as high temperature four main categories.
① high-carbon chromium bearing steel, the head increases in brand symbol "G", but does not indicate the carbon content. Chromium to a few dollars per thousand, according to other alloying elements of alloy structural steel, said alloy content. For example: the average amount of chromium 1? 50% of bearing steel, the grade is expressed as "GCr15".
② carburizing bearing steel, alloy structural steel used method of grades, and the other in the head grades plus symbol "G". For example: "G20 CrNiMo".
High quality carburizing bearing steel in the rear plus Grade "A". For example: "G20CrNiMoA".
③ high-carbon chromium bearing stainless steel and high-temperature bearing steel, stainless and heat-resistant steel grades that method, not the head grade symbols "G". For example: high-carbon chromium bearing stainless steel "9Cr18" and high-temperature bearing steel "10Cr14Mo".
(10) stainless steel and heat-resistant steel grades that the method of grade stainless steel and heat-resistant steel alloy provided the use of standard symbols and Arabic numerals that element for cutting stainless steel, free cutting head heat-resistant steel grade increases in the "Y".
Arabic numerals with a general that the average carbon content (to a few dollars per thousand); when the average carbon content of ≥ 1.00%, the Arabic numerals that use two; when the carbon content of the upper limit <0.10%, when the "0 "said the carbon content; when the upper limit of carbon content ≤ 0.03%,> 0.01% (for ultra-low carbon) to" 03 ", said carbon; when the carbon content of the upper limit (≤ 0.01% at a very low-carbon) in order to "01" indicated that the carbon content. Carbon content under the time limit does not require, the use of Arabic numerals that the upper limit of the number of carbon content.
That the method of alloying element content and alloy structural steel. For example: the average carbon content of 0.20%, containing 13% chromium stainless steel, the grade is expressed as "2Cr13"; maximum carbon content of 0.08 percent, with an average of 18 percent chromium, nickel 9% of the Cr-Ni stainless steel, the grade is expressed as "0Cr18Ni9"; maximum carbon content of 0.12 percent, the average amount of chromium, 17% of the increase in sulfur free cutting chromium stainless steel, the grade is expressed as "Y1Cr17"; the average carbon content of 1.10 percent for , chromium 17% of the high carbon chromium stainless steel, the grade is expressed as "11Cr7"; maximum carbon content of 0.03 percent, the average amount of chromium 19%, nickel 10% of the ultra-low carbon stainless steel, its Grade is expressed as "03Cr19Ni10"; maximum carbon content of 0.01 percent, the average amount of chromium 19%, nickel 11 percent of very low-carbon stainless steel, the grade is expressed as "01Cr19Ni11".
(11) that the method of welding steel grades
Steel welding, including welding with carbon steel, alloy steel welding and welding with stainless steel and so on, the brand that is in all types of welding symbols increases the head grade of steel "H". For example: "H08", "H08Mn2Si", "H1Cr18Ni9".
High quality welding of steel in the rear plus symbol grade "A". For example: "H08A", "08Mn2SiA".
